Gender Differences in the Co-Use of Tranquilizers, Sedatives, Sleeping Pills and Alcohol among Spanish Adolescents: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage for the initiation of substance use worldwide, which is one of the main risk-taking behaviors that may impact adolescents' physical and mental well-being. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the prevalence of the co-use of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills with alcohol (TSSp&AC) by gender in the Spanish adolescent population in 2018 and (2) identify the variables associated with TSSp&AC. An observational cross-sectional study following STROBE guidelines was conducted. We analyzed data from 38,010 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old (18,579 males and 19,431 females) who participated in ESTUDES (Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education in Spain) 2018. Female adolescents reported a higher prevalence of TSSp&AC than males (p < 0.001). The factors associated with female co-use were being 16-18 years of age (OR 1.65); the consumption of tobacco (OR 1.73), cocaine (OR 1.84), other illicit psychoactive drugs (OR 1.89); and novel illicit psychoactive drugs (OR 1.74); no perceived health risk from the consumption of TSSps (OR 2.45); and the perceived availability of TSSps (OR 2.23) and alcohol (OR 2.09). There are several factors associated with TSSp&AC in Spanish female adolescents with potential implications for healthcare providers.

Patterns of Opioid and Non-Opioid Analgesic Consumption in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Conditions.

Pain is a major health issue for healthcare systems, and access to pain treatment is a fundamental human right. Pain is a common symptom experienced in the post-COVID phase by a significant percentage of patients. This study describes the prevalence and associated factors associated with the use of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in subjects with post-COVID-19 condition. Sociodemographic data, post-COVID symptoms, health profile, and opioid and non-opioid analgesic consumption were collected in 390 subjects with post-COVID-19 condition. We analyzed the independent effect of all variables on opioid/non-opioid analgesic consumption by using logistic multivariate regressions. The prevalence of opioid and non-opioid analgesic consumption was 24.1% and 82.3%, respectively. Tramadol (17.18%) and codeine (7.95%) were the most commonly used opioid analgesics, and Paracetamol (70%) and ibuprofen (45.4%) were the most commonly used non-opioid analgesics. Females were more likely to consume non-opioid analgesics (aOR2.20, 95%CI 1.15, 4.22) than males. Marital status of married/partner vs. single (aOR2.96; 95% CI 1.43, 6.12), monthly income < EUR 1000 VS. > EUR 2000 (aOR3.81; 95% CI 1.37, 10.61), number of post-COVID symptoms < 5 (aOR2.64, 95%CI 1.18, 5.87), and anxiolytics consumption (aOR 1.85, 95%CI 1.05, 3.25) were associated with a greater likelihood of opioid analgesic consumption. Age > 55 years (aOR3.30, 95%CI 1.34, 8.09) and anxiolytics consumption (aOR2.61, 95%CI 1.36, 4.98) were associated with a greater likelihood of non-opioid analgesic consumption. Opioid analgesic consumption was highly associated (aOR 3.41, 95%CI 1.27, 6.11) with non-opioid analgesic consumption. The prevalence of opioid analgesic and non-opioid analgesic consumption in individuals with post-COVID-19 condition was 24.1% and 82.3%. Females with post-COVID-19 condition showed higher non-opioid analgesic consumption than men. Predictors of opioid consumption were marital status, lower monthly income, number of post-COVID symptoms, and anxiolytic consumption. Older age and anxiolytic consumption were predictors of non-opioid consumption.

Benzodiazepines and Z-hypnotics consumption in long-COVID-19 patients: Gender differences and associated factors.

Background: Psychotropic drug consumption has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe here the prevalence and identifying factors associated with Benzodiazepine (BZD) and Z-hypnotics use among a sample of Spanish adults suffering from long-COVID-19 syndrome, from a gender perspective. Materials and methods: Data were anonymously collected between 15th December 2021 and 15th March 2022. The collection form consisted of several questions gathering sociodemographic information, post-COVID symptom, health profile, and pharmacological drug intake. Using logistic multivariate regression models, we estimated the independent effect of each of these variables on self-medicated consumption. Three models were generated (female, male, and both gender). Results: Prevalence of BZD and Z-hypnotics use was 44.9% (46.5% for women; 37.8% for men). Zolpidem was the most consumed drug among male (20.7%), and lorazepam in female (31.1%). Patterns of drug consumption among female were related with number of post-COVID symptoms and smoking habit (AOR 2.76, 95%CI 1.16-6.52). Males under 40 years of age are more likely to consume BZD and Z-hypnotics (AOR 5.52, 95%CI 1.08-28.27). Conclusion: The prevalence of consumption of BZD and Z-hypnotics in those subjects with long-COVID-19 in our study reaches values of 44.9%. Women with long-COVID-19 declare a higher prevalence of consumption than men. Predictors of BZD and Z-hypnotic in men were, age and number of medication use. Smoking habit and the number of post-COVID symptoms were predictive variables in women.

Nationwide Population-Based Study About Patterns of Prescription Opioid Use and Misuse Among Young Adults in Spain.

Objective: Prescription opioid misuse has become one of the most common ways drugs are consumed among young adults. The objective of our study was to describe the prevalence and factors associated with prescription opioid use and misuse among young adults living in Spain. Methods: A nationwide, cross-sectional epidemiological study on the use and misuse of prescription opioids in Spanish Youngers. We used individualized secondary data provided by the Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain 2017-2018. Results: Prevalence of prescription opioid use among young adults was 4.89%. Misuse among this population reached prevalence values of 13.4%, with higher values observed among women . The variables associated with a greater probability of prescription opioid use and misuse were misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills, along with using cannabis and other illicit psychoactive drugs (aOR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.10-8.15). Conclusion: Prescription opioid use and misuse in Youngers has important implications for the Spanish public health system, because, even though not currently comparable to the situation in other countries, this drug use could be on the verge of creating similar problems.

Características y contenidos de los programas de maestría en salud pública en España / Characteristics and contents of the master's programs in public health in Spain

Objetivo: Comparar las principales características académicas y los contenidos de los distintos programas de máster en salud pública ofertados actualmente en España. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en el Registro de Universidades, Centros y Títulos del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Se analizaron las principales características académicas y los contenidos (obligatorios y optativos) de los programas de 11 másteres oficiales con la acreditación renovada en 2018 de acuerdo con los datos publicados en las páginas web de las universidades. Resultados: La mayoría de los programas son de 60 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System), presenciales, se imparten en español e incluyen en su plan de estudios la realización de un trabajo de fin de máster, pero no las prácticas profesionales. Los contenidos relacionados con estadística y epidemiología básica, y la actividad formativa del trabajo de fin de máster, son las únicas materias en las que coinciden todos los programas. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los programas de máster en salud pública muestran una cierta homogeneidad respecto a sus características académicas, pero una gran heterogeneidad en relación con sus contenidos. También existe mucha variabilidad en los créditos que se otorgan a las diferentes asignaturas, sobre todo a las optativas. Sería recomendable definir uncorecomún, especialmente en los contenidos obligatorios. (AU)

Objective: To compare the main academic characteristics and contents of the different master's programs in public health currently offered in Spain. Method: A systematic search has been carried out in the Register of Universities, Centers and Degrees of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. The main academic characteristics and the contents (mandatory and optional) of the programs of 11 official master's degrees with the renewed accreditation in 2018 were analyzed based on the data published on the universities' web pages. Results: Most programs are 60 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System), face-to-face, taught in Spanish, include in their curriculum the completion of a master's thesis but not professional practices. Only contents related to statistics and basic epidemiology, and the training activity of master's thesis, are offers by all programs. Conclusions: The majority of public health master's programs in Spain shows a certain homogeneity regarding their academic characteristics, but a great heterogeneity in relation to their contents. There is also a great heterogeneity in the credits granted to the different subjects, especially optional subjects. It would be advisable to standardize a common core, especially in the mandatory contents. (AU)

Pain management and coping strategies for primary dysmenorrhea: A qualitative study among female nursing students.

AIM: Primary dysmenorrhea is a problem that affects both young and adult women, with a significant impact on their daily lives. This pain is primarily managed through the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and non-pharmacological approaches such as exercise, acupressure and heat. The present study aimed to describe how Spanish university students manage dysmenorrhea. DESIGN: Qualitative case study. METHODS: Nursing students (N = 33) from the region of Andalusia (Spain) participated in focus groups. A purposive sampling method was used, and the data were collected through videoconferencing and subsequently analysed thematically. The guidelines for conducting qualitative studies established by the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) and the standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR) were followed. RESULTS: Four principal themes were identified: (a) Strategies for pain management; (b) using painkillers; (c) choosing the ideal treatment; (d) non-pharmacological interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing students experienced difficulties in managing primary dysmenorrhea, they self-medicated, expressed reluctance to seek professional medical advice, used non-pharmacological strategies and seeked advice from other women within their family/social circle.

[Characteristics and contents of the Master's programs in public health in Spain]. / Características y contenidos de los programas de maestría en salud pública en España.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the main academic characteristics and contents of the different master's programs in public health currently offered in Spain. METHOD: A systematic search has been carried out in the Register of Universities, Centers and Degrees of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. The main academic characteristics and the contents (mandatory and optional) of the programs of 11 official master's degrees with the renewed accreditation in 2018 were analyzed based on the data published on the universities' web pages. RESULTS: Most programs are 60 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System), face-to-face, taught in Spanish, include in their curriculum the completion of a master's thesis but not professional practices. Only contents related to statistics and basic epidemiology, and the training activity of master's thesis, are offers by all programs. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of public health master's programs in Spain shows a certain homogeneity regarding their academic characteristics, but a great heterogeneity in relation to their contents. There is also a great heterogeneity in the credits granted to the different subjects, especially optional subjects. It would be advisable to standardize a common core, especially in the mandatory contents.

The Effects of Early Onset Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Sleeping Pills Use on Recent Consumption Among Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents' consumption of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) has increased during the last few decades, and TSSp are currently among the substances with the lowest age-of-onset. We characterized current-use patterns of TSSp consumers by age when first taken. METHODS: This study used individualized secondary data retrieved from the 2016 Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education (16-18-year-olds), and included all subjects who reported having taken TSSp at any point, but excluded those who had started during the previous year (n = 1502). Logistic regression models were used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for associations between early TSSp consumption (<14 years) and current TSSp use patterns, adjusted for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS: About 17.9% of respondents had taken TSSp (average age-of-onset = 13.7) and 45% of these without a prescription. TSSp consumption at <14 years was higher for males and nonrepeaters. Having begun to use TSSp < 14 years was associated with both higher probability of consumption in the last month (aOR = 1.41; 95%CI:1.12-1.77) and daily/almost daily consumption in the last month (aOR = 1.56; 95CI%:1.16-2.08). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show there is a high proportion of 16 to 18 TSSp student consumers - both prescribed and nonprescribed; it also establishes that early onset-of-use is associated with higher levels of intensive use later on.

The experience of being a mother with end stage renal disease: A qualitative study of women receiving treatment at an ambulatory dialysis unit.

BACKGROUND: End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has considerable effects on the quality of life, impairing daily activities and leading to lifestyle changes. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the experience of motherhood and taking care of children in women with ESKD. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted based on an interpretive framework. Participants were recruited using non-probabilistic purposeful sampling. In total, 14 women with ESKD were included, who were treated at the dialysis unit of a Spanish hospital. In-depth interviews (unstructured and semi-structured interviews) and researchers' field notes were used to collect the data. A systematic text condensation analysis was performed. The techniques performed and application procedures used to control trustworthiness were credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the data. "Coping with being a mother" described how women are faced with the decision to become mothers and assess the risks of pregnancy. The second theme, called "Children and the experience of illness", highlighted the women's struggle to prevent the disease from affecting their children emotionally or disrupting their lives. The third theme, "Fear of genetic transmission", was based on the women's fear of passing the disease on to their children. CONCLUSIONS: Deciding to become a mother and taking care of children represents a challenge for women with ESKD, coupled with the losses in their lives caused by the disease. These findings are only relevant to women on dialysis.

The Perspective of Physical Education Teachers in Spain Regarding Barriers to the Practice of Physical Activity among Immigrant Children and Adolescents: A Qualitative Study.

Physical activity (PA) contributes to the development of children and adolescents and to their mental and physical health. The practice of PA in the school context can contribute towards generating a more inclusive educational community for immigrant children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to describe the perspectives of Spanish physical education (PE) teachers on the practice of PA among immigrant children and adolescents. This research was a qualitative exploratory study. A purposeful sampling strategy was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field notes. Twenty teachers were recruited. An inductive thematic analysis and content analysis were applied. The following topics were identified: (a) Professional expectations; (b) Economic resources; (c) Integration; (d) Family; (e) Religious beliefs and practices; and (f) Gender difference. A predominance of positive emotions was identified in the narratives, and the most repeated words in word clouds were 'Caribbean', 'Latin', and 'population'. These findings help to identify PA barriers for immigrant children and adolescents and may contribute to the creation of PA-based interventions in social and educational contexts.

Nonmedical Use of Benzodiazepines among Immigrant and Native-Born Adolescents in Spain: National Trends and Related Factors.

BACKGROUND: the nonmedical use of prescribed medications among adolescents has increased significantly in recent years. We aimed to identify the patterns of benzodiazepine nonmedical use and its evolution during the decade 2006-2016 among immigrant and native-born adolescent populations. METHODS: we used individualized secondary data retrieved from the 2006-2016 Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education (ESTUDES) of the school-aged population. Using logistic multivariate regression models, we estimated the independent effect of each of these variables on nonmedical use. Two models were generated: one for immigrant adolescents and one for native-born adolescents. RESULTS: during the decade 2006-2016, 2.81% of native-born and 3.36% of immigrant adolescent students made nonmedical use of benzodiazepines. Gender and socioeconomic status were found to be related to the nonmedical use of benzodiazepines. Consumption of illegal psychoactive substances, other than marijuana, was the variable of greatest value (aOR = 6.00, 95% CI 3.89-9.27). Perceived risks and drug availability were found to be predictors for the nonmedical use of benzodiazepines in both immigrant and native-born adolescents. CONCLUSION: in Spain, patterns of benzodiazepine nonmedical use among immigrant and native-born adolescents are similar. The results of this study refute certain stereotypes related to consumption of substances among immigrant adolescents, identifying them as a risk group.

Challenges Affecting Access to Health and Social Care Resources and Time Management among Parents of Children with Rett Syndrome: A Qualitative Case Study.

Rare diseases face serious sustainability challenges regarding the distribution of resources geared at health and social needs. Our aim was to describe the barriers experienced by parents of children with Rett Syndrome for accessing care resources. A qualitative case study was conducted among 31 parents of children with Rett syndrome. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus groups, researchers' field notes and parents' personal documents. A thematic analysis was performed and the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines were followed. Three main themes emerged from the data: (a) essential health resources; (b) bureaucracy and social care; and (c) time management constraints. Parents have difficulties accessing appropriate health services for their children. Administrative obstacles exist for accessing public health services, forcing parents to bear the financial cost of specialized care. Time is an essential factor, which conditions the organization of activities for the entire family. Qualitative research offers insight into how parents of children with Rett syndrome experience access to resources and may help improve understanding of how Rett syndrome impacts the lives of both the children and their parents.

Inequalities in the use of gynecological visits and preventive services for breast and cervical cancer in Roma women in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: The Roma population in Spain makes up about two percent of the population and has worse health indicators than the general population. We analyzed both populations in 2006 and 2014 to discover whether there are differences in terms of gynecological visits and preventive services for breast and cervical cancer in Spain. METHODS: Cross-sectional study is based on the Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) of 2006 and 2012 and the National Health Survey of the Roma Population (NHSRP) of 2006 and 2014. RESULTS: Roma women used gynecological visits less than the general population in 2006 (ORa 0.5 [0.4; 0.6] and in 2014 (ORa 0.2 [0.2; 0.3)]. In addition, use of the mammogram was lower in Roma women (ORa 0.7 [0.6; 0.8]), especially in the ages of the screening tests, and they had lower probability of receiving cervical examinations in 2006 (ORa 0.5 [0.4; 0.6]) and in 2014 (ORa 0.7 [0.6; 0.9]). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the inequality gap in gynecological visits and preventive services for breast and cervical cancer in Roma women has persisted during the years studied (2006 and 2014), despite Spanish prevention policies.

Alcohol Consumption Among Spanish Female Adolescents: Related Factors and National Trends 2006-2014.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was: (a) to estimate trends over time in the prevalence of alcohol consumption among female adolescents between 2006 and 2014; (b) to identify the factors associated with the probability of consuming alcohol during this period for Spanish female adolescents (14-18 years old). METHODS: Spanish nationwide, epidemiological, cross-sectional study on alcohol consumption by adolescent women. We used individualized secondary data retrieved from the 2006 and 2014 Spanish state survey on drug use in secondary education, for a total of 48,676 survey respondents aged 14 to 18 years. Alcohol use was the dependent variable. We also analyzed sociodemographic and educational features, lifestyle habits, perceived health risk for consumption, and perceived availability of substance using logistic regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol consumption among female adolescents was 62.35% during the study period. Alcohol consumption increased with age and was more frequent on weekends than on school days. The variables associated with a greater probability of alcohol consumption were tobacco, marijuana (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI: 2.08-2.72), and alcohol consumption by friends (aOR = 7.24; 95% CI: 6.42-8.16). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption by female adolescents in Spain significantly increased from 2006 to 2014. Marijuana and alcohol consumption by friends were associated factors.

Gender differences in the nonmedical use of psychoactive medications in the school population- national trends and related factors.

BACKGROUND: The nonmedical use of prescribed medicines among adolescents has increased significantly in recent years. Our study was designed to describe the prevalence of the nonmedical use of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) among the school-age population residing in Spain from a gender perspective, and to identify factors associated with such use. METHODS: Nationwide, epidemiological, cross-sectional study on the nonmedical use during the previous 30 days, of TSSp by the Spanish school population. We used individualized secondary data retrieved from the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014 Spanish state survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education and a total of 179,114 surveys from respondents aged 14 to 18 years. Using logistic multivariate regression models, we estimated the independent effect of each of these variables on the nonmedical use of medicines. Two models were generated- one for females and one for males. RESULTS: 2.86% (5116) of the Spanish school population of both sexes made nonmedical use of TSSp. Prevalence was greater among girls than among boys for all the study years. Patterns of nonmedical use among female adolescents were related to alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use. Consumption of illegal psychoactive substances, other than marijuana, was the variable showing the greatest value among male teenagers (aOR 6.21 (95% CI 4.97-7.77). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of the nonmedical use of TSSp is higher in girls than in boys. The influence of legal and illegal psychoactive substances leads to a higher likelihood of nonmedical use of TSSp in high-school students in Spain.

Estudio descriptivo del conocimiento de enfermeras y médicos de las abreviaturas en los informes de alta hospitalaria / A descriptive study of the knowledge of nurses and doctors of clinical abbreviations in hospital discharge reports

Introducción: Los informes de alta de hospitalización presentan gran cantidad de abreviaturas y su significado puede ser desconocido por médicos y enfermeras, pudiendo comprometer la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de médicos y enfermeras de las abreviaturas clínicas presentes en el informe de alta. Métodos: Estudio observacional-transversal mediante un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc dirigido a médicos y enfermeras del Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada. Para la validación del cuestionario se realizó la evaluación del contenido y de la validez lógica. La cumplimentación fue anónima y voluntaria y se difundió online a través de los correos corporativos de los profesionales. El cuestionario incluía variables sociodemográficas y 14 abreviaturas presentes en los informes de alta. Los datos se obtuvieron de la historia clínica electrónica. Resultados: De 756 profesionales, el cuestionario fue respondido por 68 médicos y 86 enfermeras (n = 154). La edad media de los profesionales fue de 40,58 años (DE ±7,54), y la media de años de experiencia profesional fue de 17,10 años (DE ±7,37). Los profesionales presentan un porcentaje medio de aciertos del 35,84% de todas las abreviaturas evaluadas. El personal médico presentó un 55,94% de contestaciones correctas, y el personal de enfermería un 23,17%. Las abreviaturas en las que se produjeron más errores fueron: SNG, NPIM, EEA y RCP, con un porcentaje de aciertos del 5,19, 6,49, 6,49 y 7,79%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La identificación de las abreviaturas en los informes de alta por parte de los médicos es superior a la del personal de enfermería. A nivel global, el conocimiento de las abreviaturas en ambos profesionales es bajo

Introduction: Medical Records have a large number of abbreviations and doctors and nurses may not be aware of their meaning, which could compromise patient safety. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of doctors and nurses of the clinical abbreviations in medical discharge reports. Methods: Observational-cross sectional study through a questionnaire developed ad hoc for doctors and nurses from Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada. The content and logical validity of the questionnaire was assessed. The questionnaire was completed anonymously and voluntarily. The questionnaire was also distributed online to the professionals' corporate emails. The questionnaire included sociodemographic variables and 14 abbreviations present in medical discharge reports. The data were obtained from the Electronic Clinical Record. Results: Out of a total of 756 professionals, the questionnaire was answered by 68 doctors and 86 nurses (n = 154).The mean age of the professionals was 40.58 years (SD ±7.54), and the mean number of years of professional experience was 17.10s (SD ±7.37). The professionals gave an average percentage of correct answers of 35.84%. Doctors gave 55.94% of the correct answers, and nurses 23.17%. The abbreviations for which the most errors occurred were SNG, NPIM, EEA, RCP, with a success rate of 5.19%, 6.49%, 6.49% and 7.79%, respectively. Conclusions: The identification of the abbreviations in medical discharge reports by doctors is superior to that of nursing staff. Overall the knowledge of abbreviations in both professionals is low

Time Trends in the Co-use of Cannabis and the Misuse of Tranquilizers, Sedatives and Sleeping Pills among Young Adults in Spain between 2009 and 2015.

The aims of this study were: (a) to estimate time trends in the prevalence of the co-use of cannabis and other cannabis-based products (CBP) with the misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) between 2009 and 2015; and (b) to identify the factors associated with the probability of the co-use of CBP with TSSp misuse during this period among Spanish younger adults (15-34 years old). We analyzed data collected from the Spanish National Surveys on Alcohol and Other Drugs (EDADES) in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. CBP co-use with TSSp misuse were the dependent variables. We also analyzed sociodemographic features, self-perceived health status, lifestyle habits, perceived health risk of consumption, and perceived availability of substance using logistic regression models. The prevalence of CBP co-use with TSSp misuse has decreased in Spain. The factors associated with co-use were a lack of education (OR 2.34), alcohol (OR 7.2), tobacco (OR 6.3) and other illicit psychoactive drug (OR 6.5) consumption, perceived non-health risk for the consumption of CBP and TSSp (OR 3.27), and perceived availability of CBP (OR 2.96). Our study identified several factors that appear to affect CBP and TSSp co-use in younger adults, with potential implications for healthcare providers.

A descriptive study of the knowledge of nurses and doctors of clinical abbreviations in hospital discharge reports. / Estudio descriptivo del conocimiento de enfermeras y médicos de las abreviaturas en los informes de alta hospitalaria.

INTRODUCTION: Medical Records have a large number of abbreviations and doctors and nurses may not be aware of their meaning, which could compromise patient safety. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of doctors and nurses of the clinical abbreviations in medical discharge reports. METHODS: Observational-cross sectional study through a questionnaire developed ad hoc for doctors and nurses from Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada. The content and logical validity of the questionnaire was assessed. The questionnaire was completed anonymously and voluntarily. The questionnaire was also distributed online to the professionals' corporate emails. The questionnaire included sociodemographic variables and 14 abbreviations present in medical discharge reports. The data were obtained from the Electronic Clinical Record. RESULTS: Out of a total of 756 professionals, the questionnaire was answered by 68 doctors and 86 nurses (n=154).The mean age of the professionals was 40.58 years (SD ±7.54), and the mean number of years of professional experience was 17.10s (SD ±7.37). The professionals gave an average percentage of correct answers of 35.84%. Doctors gave 55.94% of the correct answers, and nurses 23.17%. The abbreviations for which the most errors occurred were SNG, NPIM, EEA, RCP, with a success rate of 5.19%, 6.49%, 6.49% and 7.79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the abbreviations in medical discharge reports by doctors is superior to that of nursing staff. Overall the knowledge of abbreviations in both professionals is low.

"Living an Obstacle Course": A Qualitative Study Examining the Experiences of Caregivers of Children with Rett Syndrome.

Background: Rett syndrome has considerable effects on the quality of life of affected children, impairing everyday activities and potentially impacting the life of both the caregivers and the family. Our aim was to explore the experiences of a group of caregivers of children with Rett syndrome with regards to living and caring for their children. Methods: We conducted a qualitative case study to examine how 31 caregivers of children with Rett syndrome perceived living with their children. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus groups, researchers' field notes and caregivers' personal documents. A thematic analysis was performed following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guideline. Results: The experience of being a caregiver of a child with Rett syndrome was expressed as being akin to an "obstacle course", and was described via three main themes: (a) looking for answers, with two subthemes identified, namely 'the first symptoms', and 'the need for a diagnosis'; (b) managing day to day life, with the subthemes 'applying treatments', and 'learning to care'; and (c) money matters. Conclusions: Rett syndrome has a considerable impact on the lives of the caregivers involved. The health-care process and the management of economic resources are some of the aspects highlighted by caregivers. These findings have important implications for the planning of support services, health systems and health policies.

Trends in the Misuse of Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Sleeping Pills by Adolescents in Spain, 2004-2014.

PURPOSE: Misuse of prescription medication has increased during the last 20 years among adolescents and young adults. We aimed to report the prevalence and factors associated with misuse of tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills (TSSp) in high-school students in Spain. We also analyzed misuse of these drugs during the decade 2004-2014. METHODS: Nationwide, epidemiological, cross-sectional study on the misuse of TSSp by the Spanish school population. We used individualized secondary data retrieved from the 2004 and 2014 Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education. A total of 179,114 surveys respondents aged 14-18 years. Estimates and trends of previous 30 days misuse of TSSp. RESULTS: The prevalence of TSSp misuse among school population aged 14-18-years increased significantly from 2004 (2.40%) to 2014 (2.96%). The values for consumption were always greater in adolescent girls than boys throughout the study (3.51% vs. 2.18%). The variables associated with a greater probability of TSSp misuse were consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Students who reported consumption of an illicit drug other than marijuana during the previous year are 4.91 times more likely to misuse TSSp (adjusted odds ratio = 4.91; 95% confidence interval, 4.15-5.81). CONCLUSIONS: We found that misuse of TSSp by adolescents in Spain has significantly increased from 2004 to 2014. Misuse of TSSp was more likely in adolescent girls than Spanish boys. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption are factors associated with the use of TSSp.